Research Methodology – HKT Consultant

Literature reviews need to be assessed and evaluated as strictly as empirical articles, but is this always the case? Palmatier et al. (2018) suggest that a quality literature review must have both depth and rigor, that

The process of conducting a literature review

Independent of what approach will be used to conduct the literature review, a number of steps that must be taken and decisions made to create a review that meets the requirements for publication (for specific considerations

Types of literature review

Consideration of prior, relevant literature is essential for all research disciplines and all research projects. When reading an article, independent of discipline, the author begins by describing previous research to map and assess the research area

Introduction to Literature review as a research methodology

Building your research on and relating it to existing knowledge is the building block of all academic research activities, regardless of discipline. Therefore, to do so accurately should be a priority for all academics. However, this

Qualitative research is defined as a market research method that focuses on obtaining data through open-ended and conversational communication. This method is not only about “what” people think but also “why” they think so. For example, consider a convenience store looking to improve its patronage. A systematic observation concludes that the number

Qualitative methods: what and why use them?

Qualitative methods, as the name indicates, are methods that do not involve measurement or statistics. Because the natural sciences have had such resounding success with quantitative methods, qualitative methods are sometimes looked down upon as less scientific. That is, of course, a mistake. Qualitative methods have been in use in philosophy, sociology,

Introduction to Interviewing as qualitative methods

Interview because I am interested in other people’s stories. Most simply put, stories are a way of knowing. The root of the word story is the Greek word histor, which means one who is “wise” and “learned” (Watkins, 1985, p. 74). Telling stories is essentially a meaning-making process. When people

Intercoder Reliability in Content Analysis

An important measure forjudging the quality of a content analysis is the extent to which the results can be reproduced. Known as intercoder reliability, this measure indicates how well two or more coders reached the same

Software for Content Analysis

This appendix describes computer software that may be useful to content analysis. The list of programs here is by no means complete, and it is purely descriptive, not a GAO endorsement of any program. The descriptions

Analysis of Qualitative Data in Content Analysis

Content analysis applies to textual information in the form of words. An analyst can classify text into categories as described in chapter 1. The categories are treated like numerical data in subsequent statistical manipulations. The statistical

Analyzing and Reporting the Data in Content Analysis

1. Cross-Check Preliminary Results Things are not always what they seem. Try to verify findings by using related variables or slightly different analysis methods. This is also a time to check on the reliability of the

Coding in Content Analysis

1. Produce a Coding Manual A good coding manual is indispensable. AvoSrf the temptation to save time by not producing one or by producing only the skeleton of one. The time spent in being complete will

Planning the Content Analysis

1. Be Clear About the Questions The evaluation questions drive the study. If they are Questions ambiguous or not suited to the users’ needs, even a well-implemented method will produce findings of doubtful value. To be clear

Reporting the Methodology and Results of Content Analysis

The methodology and results of a content analysis should be reported the way they are for other evaluations. The methodology should be described in sufficient detail that readers will have a clear understanding of how the

Finding Associations in Content Analysis

Beyond simply counting, evaluators might look for an association between two or more variables. In the Stars and Stripes assignment, the frequency of news articles on various topics was compared between the Pacific and European editions.

Counting a Code’s Frequency in Content Analysis

Drawing inferences from the frequency of codes is the simplest and often the most useful form of data analysis. Drawing conclusions in the Stars and Stripes assignment, evaluators counted the number of articles that presented a

Estimating Reliability of Content Analysis

When several coders code the documents, then- consistency is important. If the coders differ substantially, then the results of the content analysis become questionable. Chapter 4 outlined steps for minimizing unreliability. Another important step is to

Preparing for Data Analysis in Content Analysis

The basic analytic task in content analysis is to count the occurrence of codes, whether all occurrences of a given category (for example, all occurrences of Stars and Stripes articles that portray a negative image of

Using a Computer to Code in Content Analysis

Statistics and Econometrics

This section assumes that the documents to be coded are available in a word processing format such as WordPerfect and that coding proceeds with the computer program called Textbase Alpha. Textbase Alpha was designed for the

Quantitative ResearchSee all

Quantitative Philosophy

Questionnaire Survey

Contents Analysis

Meta Analysis

Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples

What is quantitative research? Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. Quantitative research collects information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which

Types of quantitative methods

Quantitative methods represent the steps of using the Scientific Method of research. There are following types of quantitative method… 1. Experimental Research is the most well-established quantitative methodology in both the physical and social sciences. This approach uses the principles of research in the physical sciences to conduct experiments that

Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

If the subject into which you conduct research is a scientific subject or topic, then the research methods include experiments, tests, the study of many other results of different experiments performed earlier about the topic or the subject and the like. On the other hand, research methodology about the scientific

Acceptance Sampling

In acceptance sampling, the items of interest can be incoming shipments of raw materials or purchased parts as well as finished goods from final assembly. Suppose we want to decide whether to accept or reject a

Statistical Process Control

In this section, we consider quality control procedures for a production process whereby goods are manufactured continuously. On the basis of sampling and inspection of production output, a decision will be made to either continue the

Philosophies and Frameworks of Statistical Methods for Quality Control

In the early twentieth century, quality control practices were limited to inspecting finished products and removing defective items. But this all changed as the result of the pioneering efforts of a young engineer named Walter A.

Quantity Indexes

In addition to the price indexes described in the preceding sections, other types of indexes are useful. In particular, one other application of index numbers is to measure changes in quantity levels over time. This type

Price Indexes: Other Considerations

In the preceding sections we described several methods used to compute price indexes, discussed the use of some important indexes, and presented a procedure for using price indexes to deflate a time series. Several other issues

Deflating a Series by Price Indexes

Many business and economic series reported over time, such as company sales, industry sales, and inventories, are measured in dollar amounts. These time series often show an increasing growth pattern over time, which is generally interpreted

Some Important Price Indexes

We identified the procedures used to compute price indexes for single items or groups of items. Now let us consider some price indexes that are important measures of business and economic conditions. Specifically, we consider the

Computing an Aggregate Price Index from Price Relatives

In Section 20.1 we defined the concept of a price relative and showed how a price relative can be computed with knowledge of the current-period unit price and the base-period unit price. We now want to

Aggregate Price Indexes